tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48787640355305321352024-02-07T09:03:57.501-08:00sistem bilanganerica informatikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03625022626103308041noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4878764035530532135.post-12924917535336608622011-12-18T03:24:00.000-08:002011-12-18T03:24:05.191-08:00KARNAUGH MAP<div style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: left;">
Karnaugh
Map (K-Map) adalah Suatu peralatan grafis yang digunakan untuk
menyederhanakanpersamaan logika atau mengkonversikan sebuah tabel
kebenaran menjadi sebuah rangkaian logika. Salah satu metode yang paling
mudah untuk penyederhanaan Rangkaian Logika.</div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; font-family: Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTSGixmC_XWwh6-8CcJaVM5AfsV4MZ_hD6PUIoWXwoF-pZjAG84R_DcldSzPnaBZjZj3ZztadsA-_mZP3Q8of9yDAZOLBGHBhMtiMm1kK6rZGQiqVS4xeUG7jAmKOP8eQm9lW_B-PKUFE/s1600/275px-K-map_6%252C8%252C9%252C10%252C11%252C12%252C13%252C14_anti-race.svg.png" style="clear: right; color: #ab3568; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTSGixmC_XWwh6-8CcJaVM5AfsV4MZ_hD6PUIoWXwoF-pZjAG84R_DcldSzPnaBZjZj3ZztadsA-_mZP3Q8of9yDAZOLBGHBhMtiMm1kK6rZGQiqVS4xeUG7jAmKOP8eQm9lW_B-PKUFE/s320/275px-K-map_6%252C8%252C9%252C10%252C11%252C12%252C13%252C14_anti-race.svg.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(171, 53, 104); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(171, 53, 104); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(171, 53, 104); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(171, 53, 104); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;" width="275" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;">LEBIH LANJUT SILAHKAN DOWNLOAD DI ... </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/l_TyVR5S/Bab4_KMap.html" style="background-color: black; color: #ab3568; font-family: Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Bab4_KMap.pdf</a>erica informatikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03625022626103308041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4878764035530532135.post-32972588753913998412011-12-18T03:13:00.001-08:002011-12-18T03:13:49.757-08:00DECODER<div style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: left;">
Pokok
Bahasan: 1.Pendahuluan 2.Dasar-dasar rangkaian Decoder. 3.Mendesain
rangkaian Decoder Tujuan Instruksional Khusus: 1)Mahasiswa dapat
menerangkan dan memahami rangkaian Decoder. 2)Mahasiswa dapat membuat
dan mendesain rangkaian Decoder 3)Mahasiswa dapat membedakan antara
rangkaian Decoder Dan rangkaian bukan Decoder</div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; font-family: Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjikEmMsPdYfnkoAYUoSnKbRQFSV4l5IgZMHo0R2SHtBQcWB2mPDAOlWoPiPyDUWYpR9LwPEh_jnVQappbMjcn7p03n0GQQI63np9Y7oi5XfSXgL5KYlNaJS_2YHsjeYtWp9_Js399xlNiN/s1600/490px-Decoder_Example.svg.png" style="clear: right; color: #ab3568; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjikEmMsPdYfnkoAYUoSnKbRQFSV4l5IgZMHo0R2SHtBQcWB2mPDAOlWoPiPyDUWYpR9LwPEh_jnVQappbMjcn7p03n0GQQI63np9Y7oi5XfSXgL5KYlNaJS_2YHsjeYtWp9_Js399xlNiN/s320/490px-Decoder_Example.svg.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(171, 53, 104); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(171, 53, 104); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(171, 53, 104); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(171, 53, 104); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px;" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet,Verdana,Arial,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;">LEBIH LANJUT SILAHKAN DOWNLOAD DI .....</span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/ZMJbtgYv/Bab8a_Decoder.html" style="background-color: black; color: #ab3568; font-family: Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Bab8a_Decoder.pdf</a>erica informatikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03625022626103308041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4878764035530532135.post-88311351013179598192011-12-08T18:12:00.001-08:002011-12-08T18:15:38.468-08:00MULTIPLEXER<span id="fullpost">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="http://rohmrosedyanalyksda.blogspot.com/2011/12/multiplexer.html">Multiplexer</a>
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<b>Multiplekser</b> atau disingkat <b>MUX</b> adalah alat atau komponen <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektronika</a> yang bisa memilih <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input" title="Input">input</a> (masukan) yang akan diteruskan ke bagian <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Output&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Output (halaman belum tersedia)">output</a> (keluaran). Pemilihan input mana yang dipilih akan ditentukan oleh signal yang ada di bagian kontrol (kendali) <b>Select</b>.<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;">
<a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Multiplexer.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="260" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Multiplexer.png" width="300" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Multiplexer.png" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Skema Multiplexer 2 input-ke-1 output</div>
</div>
</div>
Komponen yang berfungsi kebalikan dari MUX ini disebut <b>Demultiplekser</b> (DEMUX). Pada <b>DEMUX</b>,
jumlah masukannya hanya satu, tetapi bagian keluarannya banyak. Signal
pada bagian input ini akan disalurkan ke bagian output (channel) yang
mana tergantung dari kendali pada bagian SELECTnya.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Tujuan Muliplexing</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - meningkatkan effisiensi penggunaan bandwidth / kapasitas saluran transmisi dengan cara berbagi akses bersama.</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span> </div>
<a href="http://rohmrosedyanalyksda.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2011-01-01T00:00:00%2B07:00&updated-max=2012-01-01T00:00:00%2B07:00&max-results=30" name="more"></a><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span> </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Jenis Teknik Multiplexing</b><br />
Teknik Multiplexing yang umum digunakan adalah :<br />
a. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) : - Synchronous TDM<br />
- Asynchronous TDM<br />
b. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)<br />
c. Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)<br />
</span> </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span> </div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Secara umum TDM menerapkan prinsip
pemnggiliran waktu pemakaian saluran transmisi dengan mengalokasikan
satu slot waktu (time slot) bagi setiap pemakai saluran (user).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>TDM</b> yaitu Terminal atau channel
pemakaian bersama-sama kabel yang cepat dengan setiap channel
membutuhkan waktu tertentu secara bergiliran (round-robin
time-slicing). Biasanya waktu tersebut cukup digunakan untuk menghantar
satu bit (kadang-kadang dipanggil bit interleaving) dari setiap channel
secara bergiliran atau cukup untuk menghantar satu karakter
(kadang-kadang dipanggil character interleaving atau byte
interleaving). Menggunakan metoda character interleaving, multiplexer
akan mengambil satu karakter (jajaran bitnya) dari setiap channel
secara bergiliran dan meletakkan pada kabel yang dipakai bersama-sama
sehingga sampai ke ujung multiplexer untuk dipisahkan kembali melalui
port masing-masing. Menggunakan metoda bit interleaving, multiplexer
akan mengambil satu bit dari setiap channel secara bergiliran dan
meletakkan pada kabel yang dipakai sehingga sampai ke ujung multiplexer
untuk dipisahkan kembali melalui port masing-masing. Jika ada channel
yang tidak ada data untuk dihantar, TDM tetap menggunakan waktu untuk
channel yang ada (tidak ada data yang dihantar), ini merugikan
penggunaan kabel secara maksimun. Kelebihanya adalah karena teknik ini
tidak memerlukan guardband jadi bandwidth dapat digunakan sepenuhnya
dan perlaksanaan teknik ini tidak sekompleks teknik FDM. Teknik TDM
terdiri atas :</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Synchronous TDM</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Hubungan antara sisi pengirim dan sisi
penerima dalam komunikasi data yang menerapkan teknik Synchronous TDM
dijelaskan secara skematik pada gambar</span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span> <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXcp4bZVZStjX2l-Z04Qr71ZWRM8xVNQvd9ipQhYKDN8gZUUyjyVQJ9ZyEjuzhN6URI692KBQuOFD0P_sfzvzSkVdFA5rNc45Mjtm5Y738e1vGgbp6iN4mAkfDjGt10D1ErxekTyXEkmE8/s1600-h/Gambar+Synchronous+TDM.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXcp4bZVZStjX2l-Z04Qr71ZWRM8xVNQvd9ipQhYKDN8gZUUyjyVQJ9ZyEjuzhN6URI692KBQuOFD0P_sfzvzSkVdFA5rNc45Mjtm5Y738e1vGgbp6iN4mAkfDjGt10D1ErxekTyXEkmE8/s200/Gambar+Synchronous+TDM.JPG" /></a><br />
</span> </div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span> <br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gambar Synchronous TDM<br />
</span> </div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Cara kerja Synchronous TDM dijelaskan dengan ilustrasi dibawah ini</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span> <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJsKGxAc2XyVJomnjcjv1PA90mx4oBVhnoUQDilKshuC79VGKGnWghL5-Dc3IxJ9LhYXiO3GjY6x5d3PeN-T5Ru5v55xUUjE6CPyRsa5LbZK7QHOXnWqvQtLJWZ9626xorCz-9jvMhdjwE/s1600-h/Gambar+Ilustrasi+hasil+sampling+dari+input+line.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJsKGxAc2XyVJomnjcjv1PA90mx4oBVhnoUQDilKshuC79VGKGnWghL5-Dc3IxJ9LhYXiO3GjY6x5d3PeN-T5Ru5v55xUUjE6CPyRsa5LbZK7QHOXnWqvQtLJWZ9626xorCz-9jvMhdjwE/s320/Gambar+Ilustrasi+hasil+sampling+dari+input+line.JPG" /></a><br />
</span> </div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span> <br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gambar Ilustrasi hasil sampling dari input line<br />
</span> </div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Asynchronous TDM</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan saluran dengan cara menghindari adanya
slot waktu yang kosong akibat tidak adanya data ( atau tidak aktif-nya
pengguna) pada saat sampling setiap input line, maka pada Asynchronous
TDM proses sampling hanya dilakukan untuk input line yang aktif saja.
Konsekuensi dari hal tersebut adalah perlunya menambahkan informasi
kepemilikan data pada setiap slot waktu berupa identitas</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> pengguna atau identitas input line yang bersangkutan.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Penambahan informasi pada setiap slot waktu yang dikirim merupakan overhead pada Asynchronous TDM.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Gambar di bawah ini menyajikan contoh ilustrasi yang sama dengan gambar
Ilustrasi hasil sampling dari input line jika ditransmisikan dengan
Asynchronous TDM.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span> <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxEgLi4Kf-XWqEAhlRt4AX5Wfpc9X-tuf36c-K3JjhvR-2Nizxb3CavMpskr4vGkhjUqjeZP9xSY0jGMCW5LDcyaMf4x0ngN-pfAj1t3WhS_WcNGuQ9dHiWAaXnNeQdpo1ybWTxWGd2eY3/s1600-h/Gambar+Frame+pada+Asysnchronous+TDM.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxEgLi4Kf-XWqEAhlRt4AX5Wfpc9X-tuf36c-K3JjhvR-2Nizxb3CavMpskr4vGkhjUqjeZP9xSY0jGMCW5LDcyaMf4x0ngN-pfAj1t3WhS_WcNGuQ9dHiWAaXnNeQdpo1ybWTxWGd2eY3/s320/Gambar+Frame+pada+Asysnchronous+TDM.JPG" /></a><br />
</span> </div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span> <br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gambar Frame pada Asysnchronous TDM<br />
</span> </div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Prinsip dari FDM adalah pembagian bandwidth saluran transmisi atas
sejumlah kanal (dengan lebar pita frekuensi yang sama atau berbeda)
dimana masing-masing kanal dialokasikan ke pasangan entitas yang
berkomunikasi. Contoh aplikasi FDM ini yang polpuler pada saat ini
adalah Jaringan Komunikasi Seluler, seperti GSM ( Global System Mobile)
yang dapat menjangkau jarak 100 m s/d 35 km. Tingkatan generasi GSM
adalah sbb:</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> First-generation: Analog cellular systems (450-900 MHz)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> * Frequency shift keying for signaling</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> * FDMA for spectrum sharing</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> * NMT (Europe), AMPS (US)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Second-generation: Digital cellular systems (900, 1800 MHz)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> * TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> * Circuit switching</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> * GSM (Europe), IS-136 (US), PDC (Japan)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> 2.5G: Packet switching extensions</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> * Digital: GSM to GPRS</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> * Analog: AMPS to CDPD</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> 3G:</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> * High speed, data and Internet services</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> * IMT-2000</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span> <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizBdGjfxEbQhZyjtXfHwPhfZFb0Wv1Cu7x-3GEwM_rw9g7D3CiwO9Uu6_fBC9b_ExJBz1F77Rsey4lHtjJXAAfipXoaMIugB9vJn0NpRwD6JYEijePoe3RRsIuRXBCUU10_FgyBHyu_pCq/s1600-h/Gambar+Pemakaian+Frekwensi+pada+GSM.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizBdGjfxEbQhZyjtXfHwPhfZFb0Wv1Cu7x-3GEwM_rw9g7D3CiwO9Uu6_fBC9b_ExJBz1F77Rsey4lHtjJXAAfipXoaMIugB9vJn0NpRwD6JYEijePoe3RRsIuRXBCUU10_FgyBHyu_pCq/s320/Gambar+Pemakaian+Frekwensi+pada+GSM.JPG" /></a><br />
</span> </div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span> <br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gambar Pemakaian Frekwensi pada GSM<br />
</span> </div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
FDM yaitu pemakaian secara bersama kabel yang mempunyai bandwidth yang
tinggi terhadap beberapa frekuensi (setiap channel akan menggunakan
frekuensi yang berbeda). Contoh metoda multiplexer ini dapat dilihat
pada kabel coaxial TV, dimana beberapa channel TV terdapat beberapa
chanel, dan kita hanya perlu tunner (pengatur channel) untuk gelombang
yang dikehendaki. Pada teknik FDM, tidak perlu ada MODEM karena
multiplexer juga bertindak sebagai modem (membuat permodulatan terhadap
data digital). Kelemahan Modem disatukan dengan multiplexer adalah
sulitnya meng-upgrade ke komponen yang lebih maju dan mempunyai
kecepatan yang lebih tinggi (seperti teknik permodulatan modem yang
begitu cepat meningkat). Kelemahannya adalah jika ada channel
(terminal) yang tidak menghantar data, frekuensi yang dikhususkan untuk
membawa data pada channel tersebut tidak tergunakan dan ini
merugikandan juga harganya agak mahal dari segi pemakaian (terutama
dibandingkan dengan TDM) kerana setiap channel harus disediakan
frekuensinya. Kelemahan lain adalah kerana bandwidth jalur atau media
yang dipakai bersama-sama tidak dapat digunakan sepenuhnya, kerana
sebagian dari frekuensi terpaksa digunakan untuk memisahkan antara
frekuensi channelchannel yang ada. Frekuensi pemisah ini dipanggil
guardband.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span> <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1GNdhvhJE_qj8dtRSsTdhx4Gj7JEn3OFdg3DFXS0Nzn-dwZha8Aq2PMZ9OZsEOgFS0NdlsNXPy3BJ04Dsag2HaWLig3AtuO5eZvzvYh6j4GbTRWK9NiaA9enpehrOeO_c28zekk_r6hjG/s1600-h/Gambar+Frequency+Division+Multiplexing.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1GNdhvhJE_qj8dtRSsTdhx4Gj7JEn3OFdg3DFXS0Nzn-dwZha8Aq2PMZ9OZsEOgFS0NdlsNXPy3BJ04Dsag2HaWLig3AtuO5eZvzvYh6j4GbTRWK9NiaA9enpehrOeO_c28zekk_r6hjG/s320/Gambar+Frequency+Division+Multiplexing.JPG" /></a><br />
</span> </div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span> <br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gambar Frequency Division Multiplexing<br />
</span> </div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Pengalokasian kanal (channel) ke pasangan entitas yang berkomunikasi diilustrasikan pada gambar dibawah ini :</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) dirancang untuk menanggulangi
kelemahankelemahan yang dimiliki oleh teknik multiplexing sebelumnya,
yakni TDM dan FDM.. Contoh aplikasinya pada saat ini adalah jaringan
komunikasi seluler CDMA (Flexi) Prinsip kerja dari CDM adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> 1. Kepada setiap entitas pengguna diberikan suatu kode unik (dengan panjang 64 bit) yang disebut chip spreading code.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> 2. Untuk pengiriman bit ‘1’, digunakan representasi kode (chip spreading code) tersebut.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> 3. Sedangkan untuk pengiriman bit ‘0’, yang digunakan adalah inverse dari kode tersebut.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
4. Pada saluran transmisi, kode-kode unik yang dikirim oleh sejumlah
pengguna akan ditransmisikan dalam bentuk hasil penjumlahan (sum) dari
kode-kode tersebut.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
5. Di sisi penerima, sinyal hasil penjumlahan kode-kode tersebut akan
dikalikan dengan kode unik dari si pengirim (chip spreading code) untuk
diinterpretasikan.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> selanjutnya :</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - jika jumlah hasil perkalian mendekati nilai +64 berarti bit ‘1’,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - jika jumlahnya mendekati –64 dinyatakan sebagai bit ‘0’.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
Contoh penerapan CDM untuk 3 pengguna (A,B dan C) menggunakan panjang
kode 8 bit (8-chip spreading code) dijelaskan sebagai berikut :</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> a. Pengalokasian kode unik (8-chip spreading code) bagi ketiga pengguna :</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - kode untuk A : 10111001</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - kode untuk B : 01101110</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - kode untuk C : 11001101</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
b. Misalkan pengguna A mengirim bit 1, pengguna B mengirim bit 0 dan
pengguna C mengirim bit 1. Maka pada saluran transmisi akan dikirimkan
kode berikut :</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - A mengirim bit 1 : 10111001 atau + - + + + - - +</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - B mengirim bit 0 : 10010001 atau + - - + - - - +</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - C mengirim bit 1 : 11001101 atau + + - - + + - +</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - hasil penjumlahan (sum) = +3,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1,-3,+3</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> c. Pasangan dari A akan menginterpretasi kode yang diterima dengan cara :</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - Sinyal yang diterima : +3 –1 –1 +1 +1 –1 –3 +3</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - Kode milik A : +1 –1 +1 +1 +1 -1 –1 +1</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - Hasil perkalian (product) : +3 +1 –1 +1 +1 +1 +3 +3 = 12</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Nilai +12 akan diinterpretasi sebagai bit ‘1’ karena mendekati nilai +8.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> d. Pasangan dari pengguna B akan melakukan interpretasi sebagai berikut :</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - sinyal yang diterima : +3 –1 –1 +1 +1 –1 –3 +3</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - kode milik B : –1 +1 +1 –1 +1 +1 +1 –1</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> - jumlah hasil perkalian : –3 –1 –1 –1 +1 –1 –3 –3 = -12</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> berarti bit yang diterima adalah bit ‘0’, karena mendekati nilai –8.</span></span></div>
</div>erica informatikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03625022626103308041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4878764035530532135.post-71525517946530922822011-12-08T17:56:00.001-08:002011-12-08T18:12:05.659-08:00Teori Boolean<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
Teori ini sering di sebut juga aljabar Boolean yang ditemukan oleh
George Boolea.Pada tahun 1847 yang kemudian diperkenalkan kepada public
pada tahun 1854,kemudian dikembangkan oleh William
Jevons(1835-1882)adalah dasar pengoprasian elektronika.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
Aljabar Boolean ini erupakan aljabar yang berhubungan dengan
variable-variabel biner dan operasi-operasi logik.Varibel-variabel
diperlihatkan oleh huruf-huruf alphabet,dan 3 operasi dasar dengan
AND,OR,dan NOT(komplemen).Fungsi Boolean terdidri dari variable-variabel
biner yang menunjukan fungsi,suatu tanda sama dengan,dan suatu ekspresi
aljabar yang dibentuk dengan menggunakan variable-variabel
biner,konstanta-konstanta 0 dan 1,adalah simbol-simbol operasi logic,dan
tanda kurung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
<a name='more'></a> Aljabar Boolean mempunyai 2 fungsi berbeda yang saling
berhubungan,dalam arti luas,aljabar Boolean berarti suatu jenis
simbol-simbol yang ditemukan Goorge Boolea untuk memanipulasi
nilai-nilai kebenaran logika sejajar aljabar.Dalam hal ini aljabar
Boolean cocok untuk mengaplikasikan dalam komputer.Disisi lain,aljabar
Boolean juga merupakan suatu struktur aljabar yang operasi-operasinya
memenuhi aturan tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Opearsi-operasi dasar logika dan gerbang logik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Gerbang(GATE):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Rangkain satu/lebih sinyal masukan tetapi hanya menghasilkan satu sinyal keluaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.Rangkain digital(dua keadaan),karena sinyal masukan atau keluaran hanya berupa tegangan tinggi atu rendah(1 dan 0)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4878764035530532135" name="more"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">a)Operasi logika NOT(Invers)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 399px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/ACER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="29" /></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Operasi merubah logika 1 ke 0 dan sebaliknya x = x’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">#Tabel operasi NOT</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.9pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">X</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">X</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.9pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.9pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">b)Operasi logika AND</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Operasi diantara dua variable (A,B)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.Operasi ini akan menghasilkan logika 1,jika logika tersebut berlogika 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> #Tabel operasi AND</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">A</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">B</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">A.B</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">c)Operasi logika OR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Operasi antara 2 variabel (A,B)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.Operasi ini akan menghasilkan logika 0,jika kedua variabel tersebut berlogika 0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">#Tabel operasi OR</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">A</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">B</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">A - B</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">d)Operasi logika NOR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">operasi ini merupakan gabungan dari operasi OR dan NOT,keluarannya merupakan keluaran operasi OR yang di inverter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> #Tabel operasi NOR</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">A</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">B</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">(A+B)’</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">0</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/17514257/gerbang-logika.jpg.html"><br /> </a></div>erica informatikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03625022626103308041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4878764035530532135.post-39572126446818236512011-10-13T10:00:00.000-07:002011-10-13T10:00:40.179-07:00Tugas 3 Latihan soal<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/16806025/tugas3.docx.html">latihan soal </a><br /><span id="fullpost">
</span>erica informatikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03625022626103308041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4878764035530532135.post-46805166417638169992011-10-06T10:25:00.000-07:002011-10-06T11:09:27.410-07:00Gerbang Logika<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">GERBANG
LOGIKA DASAR</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">Gerbang logika
merupakan dasar pembentukan sistem digital. Gerbang logika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">beroperasi dengan
bilangan biner, sehingga disebut juga gerbang logika biner.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">Tegangan yang
digunakan dalam gerbang logika adalah TINGGI atau RENDAH. Tegangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">tinggi berarti 1,
sedangkan tegangan rendah berarti 0</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Gerbang AND</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gerbang AND digunakan untuk menghasilkan logika 1 jika
semua masukan mempunyai logika 1, jika tidak maka akan dihasilkan logika 0.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: x-small;">Gerbang AND mempunyai dua atau lebih dari dua sinyal masukan tetapi hanya
satu sinyal keluaran. Dalam gerbang AND, untuk menghasilkan sinyal keluaran
tinggi maka semua sinyal masukan harus bernilai tinggi. Gerbang Logika AND pada
Datasheet nama lainnya IC TTL 7408.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a name='more'></a></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjck6neO-M0rkhNtSiTbMk0YprhV2-eddhy4sPZWCDyQ9mXs4xmN-Jihkwy-GMAPX69fIX_mhxA9gVAizgzqzkc9re19Te7Nq5y0JlThJv1MgjXdBdkMALYO03aBbUqOw74U6IwVKZAP8CG/s1600/image+and.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjck6neO-M0rkhNtSiTbMk0YprhV2-eddhy4sPZWCDyQ9mXs4xmN-Jihkwy-GMAPX69fIX_mhxA9gVAizgzqzkc9re19Te7Nq5y0JlThJv1MgjXdBdkMALYO03aBbUqOw74U6IwVKZAP8CG/s1600/image+and.jpg" /></a></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">Pernyataan Boolean
untuk Gerbang AND</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">A . B = Y (A and B
sama dengan Y )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Gerbang NAND (Not AND)</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gerbang NAND akan mempunyai keluaran 0 bila semua masukan pada logika 1.</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">sebaliknya jika ada sebuah logika 0 pada sembarang masukan pada gerbang NAND, maka</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">keluaran akan bernilai 1.</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCd9Etjciww0YsFM4X8FvKDeoFFgSKPjpSxOmCHGekIu1jEQKqxB8WyCLrzpwaXjEoWZ-BNlrBXzVk_-1UlAVsAwpPZvUnq1BH9EJl9uXAeEq0St6BfqzUkrffD-JaAK6Xe5YgGPlpXT-d/s1600/images+NAND.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCd9Etjciww0YsFM4X8FvKDeoFFgSKPjpSxOmCHGekIu1jEQKqxB8WyCLrzpwaXjEoWZ-BNlrBXzVk_-1UlAVsAwpPZvUnq1BH9EJl9uXAeEq0St6BfqzUkrffD-JaAK6Xe5YgGPlpXT-d/s1600/images+NAND.jpg" /></a></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 3. Gerbang OR</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gerbang OR akan memberikan keluaran 1 jika salah satu dari masukannya pada</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">keadaan 1. jika diinginkan keluaran bernilai 0, maka semua masukan harus dalam keadaan 0.</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLSsxLRLi2ExlKbEcnOckUOCa9q7g-dyFrTr1N8MwdXbVPgJyvVXoRVSIFonsF4cMGAJn3wpb14uHEqmSKPsJkDMspX3T4O8N8wyAgfdvJBwdBKd1KbXM05KZCJHcv42V0Q6FjSd3wzjaD/s1600/gerbang_or.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLSsxLRLi2ExlKbEcnOckUOCa9q7g-dyFrTr1N8MwdXbVPgJyvVXoRVSIFonsF4cMGAJn3wpb14uHEqmSKPsJkDMspX3T4O8N8wyAgfdvJBwdBKd1KbXM05KZCJHcv42V0Q6FjSd3wzjaD/s1600/gerbang_or.gif" /></a></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">4. Gerbang NOR</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gerbang NOR akan memberikan keluaran 0 jika salah satu dari masukannya pada</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">keadaan 1. jika diinginkan keluaran bernilai 1, maka semua masukannya harus dalam keadaan</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEityzFwkUc86-_H0dVwCcJccxgXRPLsfYTQP4jxGAggOauaSvz0IoLs04GeCE6ImRZ3T1zSFchQVbAoS2WnUO3HCgnFtjEYcrGLfxSKT5Au5rU_PwlwRZ_8IPNJhTtuSFoNL4PKKqHbVxLN/s1600/nor1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEityzFwkUc86-_H0dVwCcJccxgXRPLsfYTQP4jxGAggOauaSvz0IoLs04GeCE6ImRZ3T1zSFchQVbAoS2WnUO3HCgnFtjEYcrGLfxSKT5Au5rU_PwlwRZ_8IPNJhTtuSFoNL4PKKqHbVxLN/s1600/nor1.jpg" /></a></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihvCpr8Y9-n9d3nqHSkvTgO56KH11Iu8NfjvQerUzOkoW-TfnwYcXLOarLycNoGPmQjF_dAjozQtOKxdlC68Q2eIj_fGwbBW2OBPMxvOMNzalsVlpt6z1DGR296leI1H961HrCISkIx1Kp/s1600/nor2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihvCpr8Y9-n9d3nqHSkvTgO56KH11Iu8NfjvQerUzOkoW-TfnwYcXLOarLycNoGPmQjF_dAjozQtOKxdlC68Q2eIj_fGwbBW2OBPMxvOMNzalsVlpt6z1DGR296leI1H961HrCISkIx1Kp/s1600/nor2.jpg" /></a></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 5. Gerbang XOR</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gerbang XOR (dari kata exclusive OR) akan memberikan keluaran 1 jika masukanmasukannya</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">mempunyai keadaan yang berbeda.</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_0b5lSLwDZjspwwA_pAoCwBvDgyQYZi-X8CayLxAj7D9_EAS6KzwzZVRzxiiSLZR3uE6LS8KZmsTMYaf9m3VCg5OjqmtyzhsV1cXC_qXvPrTFJGOY5LQub_BLvEvUHKKTe17qeXwQy-h1/s1600/xor2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_0b5lSLwDZjspwwA_pAoCwBvDgyQYZi-X8CayLxAj7D9_EAS6KzwzZVRzxiiSLZR3uE6LS8KZmsTMYaf9m3VCg5OjqmtyzhsV1cXC_qXvPrTFJGOY5LQub_BLvEvUHKKTe17qeXwQy-h1/s1600/xor2.jpg" /></a></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">6. Gerbang NOT</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gerbang NOT adalah gerbang yang mempunyai sebuah input dan sebuah output.</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gerbang NOT berfungsi sebagai pembalik (inverter), sehingga output dari gerbang ini</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">merupakan kebalikan dari inputnya.</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCBipB-kAj3TqJ3Xjs6CpL2zuylrHuOdL4qPYvzlLzJSJhlo5Q5yFtCNmr1-_O8z4P9Kv1AOiSs7s5iNwvit3c3Y5MXPS1o7xkhGYh2OTUT7AlfrjZJkD6udqrJYPZsAAzhMjukQmEQush/s1600/not.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="67" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCBipB-kAj3TqJ3Xjs6CpL2zuylrHuOdL4qPYvzlLzJSJhlo5Q5yFtCNmr1-_O8z4P9Kv1AOiSs7s5iNwvit3c3Y5MXPS1o7xkhGYh2OTUT7AlfrjZJkD6udqrJYPZsAAzhMjukQmEQush/s200/not.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Gambar. Lambang Gerbang Logika NOT</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYMNFqt2fxz8hrTMDlDFEQyLMPozhUnpo3sxWp8HbPuo5LLWcbFCVY0obwlfhveOb4C_5ysqeilENFMOIZjb6xkq26MTE-OtNuZNbVROY1SdAaaRa6YA-x7YWBRhhxXc6ecMnRh7oPR55c/s1600/not+inout.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYMNFqt2fxz8hrTMDlDFEQyLMPozhUnpo3sxWp8HbPuo5LLWcbFCVY0obwlfhveOb4C_5ysqeilENFMOIZjb6xkq26MTE-OtNuZNbVROY1SdAaaRa6YA-x7YWBRhhxXc6ecMnRh7oPR55c/s1600/not+inout.png" /></a></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
erica informatikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03625022626103308041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4878764035530532135.post-28775726552858090472011-09-28T01:42:00.000-07:002011-10-06T10:14:12.955-07:00Sistem Bilangan<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%;">
SISTEM BILANGAN</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">I. DEFINISI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
System bilangan (number system) adalah suatu cara untuk mewakili besaran dari suatu item fisik. Sistem bilanan yang banyak dipergunakan oleh manusia adalah system biilangan desimal, yaitu sisitem bilangan yang menggunakan 10 macam symbol untuk mewakili suatu besaran.Sistem ini banyak digunakan karena manusia mempunyai sepuluh jari untuk dapat membantu perhitungan. Lain halnya dengan komputer, logika di komputer diwakili oleh bentuk elemen dua keadaan yaitu <i>off</i> (tidak ada arus) dan <i>on </i>(ada arus). Konsep inilah yang dipakai dalam sistem bilangan binary yang mempunyai dua macam nilai untuk mewakili suatu besaran nilai.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Selain system bilangan biner, komputer juga menggunakan system bilangan octal dan hexadesimal.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">II. Teori Bilangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Bilangan Desimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
Sistem ini menggunakan 10 macam symbol yaitu 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,dan 9. system ini menggunakan basis 10. Bentuk nilai ini dapat berupa integer desimal atau pecahan. </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<u>Integer desimal :</u></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
adalah nilai desimal yang bulat, misalnya 8598 dapat diartikan :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
8 x 10<sup>3 </sup> = 8000</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
5 x 10<sup>2</sup> = 500</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
9 x 10<sup>1</sup> = 90</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
8 x 10<sup>0</sup> = 8</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 4;"><span style="height: 39px; left: 66px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 12px;"></span></span><span style="height: 51px; left: 0px; margin-left: 26px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 2;"></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 111px; margin-top: 0px; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 1;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="42" /></span> 8598 </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Absolue value merupakan nilai untuk masing-masing digit bilangan, sedangkan position value adalah merupakan penimbang atau bobot dari masing-masing digit tergantung dari letak posisinya, yaitu nernilai basis dipangkatkan dengan urutan posisinya.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<u>Pecahan desimal :</u></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Adalah nilai desimal yang mengandung nilai pecahan dibelakang koma, misalnya nilai 183,75 adalah pecahan desimal yang dapat diartikan :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
1 x 10 <sup>2</sup> = 100</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
8 x 10 <sup>1</sup> = 80</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
3 x 10 <sup>0</sup> = 3</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
7 x 10 <sup>–1</sup> = 0,7</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 103px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 6;"></span>5 x 10 <sup>–2</sup> = 0,05</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
183,75</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
2. Bilangan Binar</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Sistem bilangan binary menggunakan 2 macam symbol bilangan berbasis 2digit angka, yaitu 0 dan 1. </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Contoh bilangan 1001 dapat diartikan :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 110px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 11;"><img height="110" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 86px; left: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 9;"><img height="86" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 31px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 8;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 7;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span>1 0 0 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 14px; position: absolute; width: 155px; z-index: 14;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="155" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 31px; margin-top: 38px; position: absolute; width: 171px; z-index: 13;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="171" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 98px; position: absolute; width: 211px; z-index: 12;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="211" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 74px; position: absolute; width: 195px; z-index: 10;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="195" /></span> 1 x 2 <sup>0</sup> = 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0 x 2 <sup>1</sup> = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0 x 2 <sup>2</sup> = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 271px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 15;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="82" /></span> 1 x 2 <sup>3</sup> = 8</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
10 <sub>(10)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u>Operasi aritmetika pada bilangan Biner</u></b> :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
a.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Penjumlahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Dasar penujmlahan biner adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
0 + 0 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
0 + 1 = 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
1 + 0 = 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 68;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 119px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 67px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="67" /></span></span>1 + 1 = 0 dengan carry of 1, yaitu 1 + 1 = 2, karena digit terbesar ninari 1, maka harus dikurangi dengan 2 (basis), jadi 2 – 2 = 0 dengan carry of 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
1111</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 24pt;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 79px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 69;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="82" /></span> 10100 +</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
100011</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
atau dengan langkah :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 159px; left: 0px; margin-left: 530px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 71;"><img height="159" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 135px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 402px; z-index: 70;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="402" /></span> 1 + 0 = 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 123px; left: 0px; margin-left: 498px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 73;"><img height="123" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 135px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 370px; z-index: 72;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="370" /></span> 1 + 0 = 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="7" width="111"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br /></td> <td><img height="99" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="370" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 58px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 77;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 226px; z-index: 76;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="226" /></span><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 287px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 75;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 255px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 74;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="34" /></span> 1 + 1 = 0 dengan carry of 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 442px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 82;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 127px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 322px; z-index: 81;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image027.gif" width="322" /></span> 1 + 1 + 1 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="9" width="111"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br /></td> <td><img height="15" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="311" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 255px; margin-top: 0px; position: absolute; width: 139px; z-index: 86;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image029.gif" width="139" /></span> 1 + 1 = 0 dengan carry of 1 1 0 0 0 1 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
b.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Pengurangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Bilangan biner dikurangkan dengan cara yang sama dengan pengurangan bilangan desimal. Dasar pengurangan untuk masing-masing digit bilangan biner adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
0 - 0 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
1 - 0 = 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
1 - 1 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 87;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 119px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 67px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="67" /></span></span>0 – 1 = 1 dengan borrow of 1, (pijam 1 dari posisi sebelah kirinya).</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
11101</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 90px; z-index: 88;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="90" /></span> 1011 -</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
10010</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
dengan langkah – langkah :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 195px; left: 0px; margin-left: 514px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 102;"><img height="195" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image031.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 183px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 338px; z-index: 89;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="338" /></span> 1 – 1 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="4" width="159"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br /></td> <td><img height="159" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image033.gif" width="343" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 311px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 92;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span> 0 – 1 = 1 dengan borrow of 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 98px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 94;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 103px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 210px; z-index: 93;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="210" /></span> </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 75px; left: 0px; margin-left: 450px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 100;"><img height="75" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image035.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 183px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 274px; z-index: 95;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="274" /></span>1 – 0 – 1 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 51px; left: 0px; margin-left: 418px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 99;"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image037.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 183px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 242px; z-index: 96;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image038.gif" width="242" /></span> 1 – 1 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 386px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 98;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 191px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 202px; z-index: 97;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image039.gif" width="202" /></span> 1 – 0 = 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
1 0 0 1 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
c.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Perkalian</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Dilakukan sama dengan cara perkalian pada bilangan desimal. Dasar perkalian bilangan biner adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
0 x 0 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
1 x 0 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
0 x 1 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
1 x 1 = 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
contoh</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 36pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Desimal</div>
</td> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.85pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Biner</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
14</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 103;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="58" /></span> 12 x</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
28</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
14</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
+</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 7px; margin-top: 0px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 106;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="82" /></span>168</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.85pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
1110</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 104;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="74" /></span> 1100 x</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0000</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0000</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
1110</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 24px; margin-top: 28px; position: absolute; width: 106px; z-index: 105;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image042.gif" width="106" /></span> 1110 +</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
10101000</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
d.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">pembagian</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Pembagian biner dilakukan juga dengan cara yang sama dengan bilangan desimal. Pembagian biner 0 tidak mempunyai arti, sehingga dasar pemagian biner adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
0 : 1 = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
1 : 1 = 1</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 36pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Desimal</div>
</td> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.85pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Biner</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
5<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">/ 125 \ 25</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 39px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 107;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image043.gif" width="34" /></span> 10 -</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
25</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 108;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image043.gif" width="34" /></span> 25 -</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0</div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.85pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
101 / 1111101 \ 11001</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 104px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 109;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="66" /></span> 101 -</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
101</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 112px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 110;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="74" /></span> 101 -</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0101</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 152px; margin-top: 14px; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 111;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="58" /></span> 101 -</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
3. Bilangan Oktal</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Sistem bilangan Oktal menggunakan 8 macam symbol bilangan berbasis 8 digit angka, yaitu 0 ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Position value system bilangan octal adalah perpangkatan dari nilai 8.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 62px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 18;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image047.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 16;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image048.gif" width="2" /></span>12<sub>(8)</sub> = …… <sub>(10)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
2 x 8 <sup>0</sup> = 2</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 26px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 20;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="66" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 219px; z-index: 19;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image049.gif" width="219" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 17;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 15px; position: absolute; top: -5px; width: 203px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif" width="203" /></span></span> 1 x 8 <sup>1</sup> =8 10</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Jadi 10 <sub>(10)</sub> </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u>Operasi Aritmetika pada Bilangan Oktal</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
a.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Penjumlahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Langkah-langkah penjumlahan octal :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">tambahkan masing-masing kolom secara desimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">rubah dari hasil desimal ke octal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">tuliskan hasil dari digit paling kanan dari hasil octal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">kalau hasil penjumlahan tiap-tiap kolom terdiri dari dua digit, maka digit paling kiri merupakan carry of untuk penjumlahan kolom selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 18pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Desimal</div>
</td> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.85pt;" valign="top" width="401"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Oktal</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
21</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 112;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif" width="50" /></span> 87 +</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
108</div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.85pt;" valign="top" width="401"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
25</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 113;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image052.gif" width="66" /></span>127 + </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 99px; left: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 116;"><img height="99" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image053.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 63px; left: 0px; margin-left: 11px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 115;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image054.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 19px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 114;"><img height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image055.gif" width="12" /></span>154</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 190px; margin-top: 1px; position: absolute; width: 116px; z-index: 120;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image056.gif" width="116" /></span> 5 <sub>10</sub> + 7 <sub>10</sub> = 12 <sub>10</sub> = 14 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 16px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 118;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="82" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 117;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 24px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 66px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="66" /></span></span> 2 <sub>10</sub> + 2 <sub>10 </sub>+ 1 <sub>10</sub> = 5 <sub>10</sub> = 5 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
1 <sub>10</sub> = 1 <sub>10 </sub> = 1 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="2" width="8"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br /></td> <td><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image057.gif" width="90" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
b.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Pengurangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Pengurangan Oktal dapat dilaukan secara sama dengan pengurangan bilangan desimal.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 18pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Desimal</div>
</td> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.85pt;" valign="top" width="401"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Oktal</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
108</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 198;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif" width="50" /></span> 87 -</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
21</div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.85pt;" valign="top" width="401"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
154</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 199;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image052.gif" width="66" /></span>127 - </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 99px; left: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 202;"><img height="99" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image053.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 63px; left: 0px; margin-left: 11px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 201;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image054.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 19px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 200;"><img height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image055.gif" width="12" /></span> 25</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 264px; margin-top: 14px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 206;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="2" /></span> 4 <sub>8</sub> - 7 <sub>8</sub> + 8 <sub>8 </sub> (borrow of) = 5 <sub>8</sub> </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 208;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 168px; position: absolute; top: -7px; width: 3px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image058.gif" width="3" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 207;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 168px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 98px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image059.gif" width="98" /></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 16px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 204;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="82" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 203;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 24px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 66px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="66" /></span></span> 5 <sub>8</sub> - 2 <sub>8 </sub>- 1 <sub>8 </sub> = 2 <sub>8</sub> </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
1 <sub>8</sub> - 1 <sub>8</sub> = 0 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="2" width="8"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br /></td> <td><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image057.gif" width="90" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
c.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Perkalian</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Langkah – langkah :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">kalikan masing-masing kolom secara desimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">rubah dari hasil desimal ke octal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">tuliskan hasil dari digit paling kanan dari hasil octal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">kalau hasil perkalian tiap kolol terdiri dari 2 digit, maka digit paling kiri merupakan carry of untuk ditambahkan pada hasil perkalian kolom selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 36pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.4pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Desimal</div>
</td> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.85pt;" valign="top" width="401"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Oktal</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.4pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
14</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 121;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="58" /></span> 12 x</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
28</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 123;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="82" /></span> 14 +</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
168 </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.85pt;" valign="top" width="401"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
16</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 122;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="74" /></span> 14 x</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 51px; left: 0px; margin-left: 75px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 127;"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image060.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 91px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 124;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image061.gif" width="12" /></span> 70</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 261px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 61px; z-index: 128;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image062.gif" width="61" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 96px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 125;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="58" /></span> 4 <sub>10</sub> x 6 <sub>10</sub> = 24 <sub>10</sub> = 30 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 80px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 126;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="74" /></span> 4 <sub>10</sub> x 1 <sub>10</sub> + 3 <sub>10</sub> = 7 <sub>10 </sub>= 7 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 14px; left: -8px; position: relative; top: 12px; width: 402px; z-index: 129;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image063.gif" width="402" /></span> </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
16</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 130;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="74" /></span> 14 x</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
70</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 63px; left: 0px; margin-left: 67px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 132;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image064.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 75px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 131;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image065.gif" width="12" /></span> 16</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 80px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 133;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image066.gif" width="66" /></span> 1 <sub>10</sub> x 6 <sub>10</sub> = 6 <sub>10</sub> = 6 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 72px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 134;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="74" /></span> 1 <sub>10</sub> x 1 <sub>10</sub> = 1 <sub>10</sub> = 1 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 9px; left: -8px; position: relative; top: 7px; width: 402px; z-index: 135;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image067.gif" width="402" /></span> </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
16</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 136;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="74" /></span> 14 x</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
70</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 48px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 137;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="74" /></span> 16 +</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 51px; left: 0px; margin-left: 59px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 140;"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image068.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 75px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 138;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image069.gif" width="12" /></span> 250</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 238px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 100px; z-index: 142;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image070.gif" width="100" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 80px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 139;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="82" /></span> 7 <sub>10</sub> + 6 <sub>10</sub> = 13 <sub>10</sub> = 15 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 64px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 106px; z-index: 141;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image071.gif" width="106" /></span> 1 <sub>10</sub> + 1 <sub>10 </sub>= 2 <sub>10</sub> = 2 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
d.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Pembagian</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 36pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Desimal</div>
</td> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 282.85pt;" valign="top" width="377"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Oktal</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
12 / 168 \ 14</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 59.25pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
12<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 39px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 143;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image072.gif" width="50" /></span>- </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
48</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 144;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image072.gif" width="50" /></span> 48 –</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 282.85pt;" valign="top" width="377"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
14 / 250 \ 16</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 71px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 43px; z-index: 147;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image073.gif" width="43" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 16px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 145;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="66" /></span> 14 - 14 <sub>8</sub> x 1 <sub>8 </sub> = 14 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
110</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 148;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 79px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 43px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="43" /></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 32px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 146;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image075.gif" width="58" /></span> 110 - 14 <sub>8</sub> x 6 <sub>8 </sub>= 4 <sub>8 </sub>x 6 <sub>8</sub> = 30 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 304px; margin-top: 24px; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 149;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image076.gif" width="42" /></span> 0 1 <sub>8</sub> x 6 <sub>8 </sub>= 6 <sub>8</sub> +</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
110 <sub>8</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
4. Bilangan Hexadesimal</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
Sistem bilangan Oktal menggunakan 16 macam symbol bilangan berbasis 8 digit angka, yaitu 0 ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,Edan F</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Dimana A = 10, B = 11, C= 12, D = 13 , E = 14 dan F = 15</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Position value system bilangan octal adalah perpangkatan dari nilai 16.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 62px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 23;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image047.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 21;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image048.gif" width="2" /></span>C7<sub>(16)</sub> = …… <sub>(10)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
7 x 16 <sup>0</sup> = 7</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 327px; margin-top: 24px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 25;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image077.gif" width="66" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 219px; z-index: 24;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image049.gif" width="219" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 22;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 15px; position: absolute; top: -5px; width: 203px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif" width="203" /></span></span> C x 16 <sup>1</sup> = 192 199</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Jadi 199 <sub>(10)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u>Operasi Aritmetika Pada Bilangan Hexadesimal</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
a.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Penjumlahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Penjumlahan bilangan hexadesimal dapat dilakukan secara sama dengan penjumlahan bilangan octal, dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Langkah-langkah penjumlahan hexadesimal :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">tambahkan masing-masing kolom secara desimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">rubah dari hasil desimal ke hexadesimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">tuliskan hasil dari digit paling kanan dari hasil hexadesimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">kalau hasil penjumlahan tiap-tiap kolom terdiri dari dua digit, maka digit paling kiri merupakan carry of untuk penjumlahan kolom selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 18pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Desimal</div>
</td> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.85pt;" valign="top" width="401"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
hexadesimal</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
2989</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 150;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif" width="50" /></span> 1073 +</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
4062</div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.85pt;" valign="top" width="401"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
BAD</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 151;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image052.gif" width="66" /></span>431 + </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 99px; left: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 154;"><img height="99" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image053.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 63px; left: 0px; margin-left: 11px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 153;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image054.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 19px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 152;"><img height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image055.gif" width="12" /></span>FDE</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
D <sub>16</sub> + 1 <sub>16</sub> = 13 <sub>10</sub> + 1<sub>10</sub> = 14 <sub>10</sub> = E <sub>16</sub> </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 16px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 156;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="82" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 155;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 24px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 66px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="66" /></span></span> A <sub>16</sub> + 3 <sub>16 </sub>= 10 <sub>10</sub> + 3 <sub>10</sub> = 13 <sub>10</sub> =D <sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
B<sub>16</sub> + 4 <sub>16 </sub>= 11<sub>10 </sub>+ 4 <sub>10</sub> = 15 <sub>10</sub> = F <sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="2" width="8"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br /></td> <td><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image057.gif" width="90" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
b.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Pengurangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Pengurangan bilangan hexadesimal dapat dilakukan secara sama dengan pengurangan bilangan desimal.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 18pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Desimal</div>
</td> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.85pt;" valign="top" width="401"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
hexadesimal</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
4833</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 158;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif" width="50" /></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">1575</span> -</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
3258</div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.85pt;" valign="top" width="401"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
12E1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 159;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image052.gif" width="66" /></span> 627 - </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 135px; left: 0px; margin-left: -5px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 167;"><img height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image078.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 99px; left: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 162;"><img height="99" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image053.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 63px; left: 0px; margin-left: 11px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 161;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image054.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 19px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 160;"><img height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image055.gif" width="12" /></span>CBA</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
16 <sub>10 </sub>(pinjam) + 1 <sub>10</sub> - 7<sub>10</sub> = 10 <sub>10</sub> = A <sub>16</sub> </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 16px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 164;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="82" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 163;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 24px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 66px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="66" /></span></span> 14 <sub>10</sub> - 7 <sub>10 - </sub>- 1 <sub>10</sub> (dipinjam) = 11 <sub>10</sub> =B <sub>16 </sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
16<sub>10</sub> (pinjam) + 2 <sub>10 </sub>- 6<sub>10 </sub> = 12 <sub>10</sub> = C <sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="2" width="8"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br /></td> <td><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image057.gif" width="90" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 166;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image079.gif" width="42" /></span> 1 <sub>10</sub> – 1 <sub>10</sub> (dipinjam) 0 <sub>10</sub> = 0 <sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
c.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Perkalian</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Langkah – langkah :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">kalikan masing-masing kolom secara desimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">rubah dari hasil desimal ke octal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">tuliskan hasil dari digit paling kanan dari hasil octal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">kalau hasil perkalian tiap kolol terdiri dari 2 digit, maka digit paling kiri merupakan carry of untuk ditambahkan pada hasil perkalian kolom selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 36pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Desimal</div>
</td> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 318.85pt;" valign="top" width="425"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Hexadesimal</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
172</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 175;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="58" /></span> 27 x</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
1204 </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 177;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="82" /></span> 344 +</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
4644 </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 318.85pt;" valign="top" width="425"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
AC</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 176;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="74" /></span> 1B x</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 51px; left: 0px; margin-left: 75px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 179;"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image060.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 91px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 178;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image061.gif" width="12" /></span> 764</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 206px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 124px; z-index: 193;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image080.gif" width="124" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 96px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 191;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="34" /></span> C <sub>16</sub> x B <sub>16</sub> =12 <sub>10</sub> x 11<sub>10</sub>= 84 <sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 80px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 192;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image081.gif" width="34" /></span> A<sub>16</sub> x B<sub>16</sub> +8<sub>16</sub> = 10<sub>10 </sub>x 11<sub>10</sub>+8<sub>10</sub>=76<sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 14px; left: -8px; position: relative; top: 12px; width: 402px; z-index: 180;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image063.gif" width="402" /></span> </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
AC</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 181;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="74" /></span> 1B x</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
764</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 63px; left: 0px; margin-left: 67px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 183;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image064.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 75px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 182;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image065.gif" width="12" /></span> AC</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 80px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 184;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image066.gif" width="66" /></span> C<sub>16</sub> x 1<sub>16</sub> = 12<sub>10</sub> x 1<sub>10</sub> =12<sub>10</sub>=C<sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 72px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 185;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="74" /></span> A<sub>16</sub> x 1<sub>16</sub> = 10<sub>10</sub> x1<sub>10</sub> =10<sub>10</sub>=A <sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 9px; left: -8px; position: relative; top: 7px; width: 402px; z-index: 186;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image067.gif" width="402" /></span> </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
AC</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 187;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="74" /></span> 1B x</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
764</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 48px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 188;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="74" /></span> AC +</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 51px; left: 0px; margin-left: 59px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 190;"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image068.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 75px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 189;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image069.gif" width="12" /></span> 1224</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 190px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 148px; z-index: 196;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image082.gif" width="148" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 80px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 194;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image083.gif" width="26" /></span> 6<sub>16</sub> + C<sub>16</sub> = 6<sub>10</sub> + 12<sub>10</sub> = 18<sub>10</sub> =12 <sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 64px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 195;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="42" /></span> 7<sub>16</sub>+A<sub>16 </sub>+1<sub>16</sub> = 7<sub>10</sub> x 10<sub>10</sub> + 1<sub>10</sub>=18<sub>10</sub> = 12<sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
D. Pembagian</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 36pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.4pt;" valign="top" width="135"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Desimal</div>
</td> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.85pt;" valign="top" width="385"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
hexadesimal</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.4pt;" valign="top" width="135"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
27 / 4646 \ 172</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 39px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 168;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image072.gif" width="50" /></span>27- </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
194</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 169;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image072.gif" width="50" /></span> 189 –</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
54</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 172;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="58" /></span> 54 –</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 288.85pt;" valign="top" width="385"><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
1B / 1214 \ AC</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 79px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 19px; z-index: 173;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image084.gif" width="19" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 16px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 170;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="66" /></span> 10E - 1B<sub>16</sub>xA<sub>16 </sub> = 27<sub>10</sub>x10<sub>10</sub>=270<sub>10</sub>= 10E<sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
144</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 174;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 79px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 19px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image085.gif" width="19" /></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 32px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 171;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image075.gif" width="58" /></span> 144- 1B <sub>16</sub> x C<sub>16 </sub>= 27<sub>10 </sub>x 10 <sub>10</sub> = 3240 <sub>10</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0 =144<sub>16</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">III. Konversi Bilangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Konversi bilangan adalah suatu proses dimana satu system bilangan dengan basis tertentu akan dijadikan bilangan dengan basis yang alian.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<u>Konversi dari bilangan Desimal</u></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi dari bilangan Desimal ke biner</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Yaitu dengan cara membagi bilangan desimal dengan dua kemudian diambil sisa pembagiannya.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
45 (10) = …..(2)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 135px; left: 0px; margin-left: 202px; margin-top: 1px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 27;"><img height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif" width="12" /></span>45 : 2 = 22 + sisa 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
22 : 2 = 11 + sisa 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
11 : 2 = 5 + sisa 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
5 : 2 = 2 + sisa 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 119px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 90px; z-index: 26;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="90" /></span> 2 : 2 = 1 + sisa 0 101101(2) ditulis dari bawah ke atas</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi bilangan Desimal ke Oktal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Yaitu dengan cara membagi bilangan desimal dengan 8 kemudian diambil sisa pembagiannya</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 63px; left: 0px; margin-left: 234px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 29;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image087.gif" width="12" /></span> 385 ( 10 ) = ….(8)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
385 : 8 = 48 + sisa 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 127px; margin-top: 24px; position: absolute; width: 114px; z-index: 28;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image088.gif" width="114" /></span> 48 : 8 = 6 + sisa 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
601 (8)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi bilangan Desimal ke Hexadesimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Yaitu dengan cara membagi bilangan desimal dengan 16 kemudian diambil sisa pembagiannya</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 63px; left: 0px; margin-left: 234px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 31;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image087.gif" width="12" /></span> 1583 ( 10 ) = ….(16)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
1583 : 16 = 98 + sisa 15</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 127px; margin-top: 24px; position: absolute; width: 114px; z-index: 30;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image088.gif" width="114" /></span> 96 : 16 = 6 + sisa 2</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
62F (16)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<u>Konversi dari system bilangan Biner</u></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi ke desimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Yaitu dengan cara mengalikan masing-masing bit dalam bilangan dengan position valuenya.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 110px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 36;"><img height="110" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 86px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 34;"><img height="86" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 50px; left: 0px; margin-left: 79px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 33;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 95px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 32;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span>1 0 0 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 95px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 155px; z-index: 39;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image089.gif" width="155" /></span> 1 x 2 <sup>0</sup> = 1</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 79px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 171px; z-index: 38;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image090.gif" width="171" /></span> 0 x 2 <sup>1</sup> = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 195px; z-index: 35;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image091.gif" width="195" /></span> 0 x 2 <sup>2</sup> = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 211px; z-index: 37;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image092.gif" width="211" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 271px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 40;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="82" /></span> 1 x 2 <sup>3</sup> = 8</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
10 <sub>(10)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"> Konversi ke Oktal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Dapat dilakukan dengan mengkonversikan tiap-tiap tiga buah digit biner yang dimulai dari bagian belakang. </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
11010100 (2) = ………(8)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 151px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 49;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 127px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 47;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 103px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 46;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 79px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 44;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 43;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 39px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 41;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span>11 010 100</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="17" width="28"><br /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br /></td> <td><img height="67" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image093.gif" width="125" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
3 2 4</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
diperjelas :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
100 = 0 x 2 <sup>0</sup> = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
0 x 2 <sup>1</sup> = 0</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 103px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 50;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image076.gif" width="42" /></span> 1 x 2 <sup>2</sup> = 4</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
4</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Begitu seterusnya untuk yang lain.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi ke Hexademial</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Dapat dilakukan dengan mengkonversikan tiap-tiap empat buah digit biner yang dimulai dari bagian belakang. </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
11010100</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
1101 0100</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 57;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 87px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 56;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 135px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 55;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 103px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 54;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 47px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 103px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 53;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="34" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 42px; z-index: 52;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image076.gif" width="42" /></span> D 4</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<u>Konversi dari system bilangan Oktal</u></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi ke Desimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Yaitu dengan cara mengalikan masing-masing bit dalam bilangan dengan position valuenya.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 62px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 60;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image047.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 58;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image048.gif" width="2" /></span>12<sub>(8)</sub> = …… <sub>(10)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
2 x 8 <sup>0</sup> = 2</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 279px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 62;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image077.gif" width="66" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 19px; position: absolute; width: 219px; z-index: 61;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image049.gif" width="219" /></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 59;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 15px; position: absolute; top: -5px; width: 203px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif" width="203" /></span></span> 1 x 8 <sup>1</sup> =8 10</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Jadi 10 <sub>(10)</sub> </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi ke Biner</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Dilakukan dengan mengkonversikan masing-masing digit octal ke tiga digit biner.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
6502 (8) ….. = (2)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
2 = 010</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
0 = 000</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
5 = 101</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
6 = 110</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
jadi 110101000010</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi ke Hexadesimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Dilakukan dengan cara merubah dari bilangan octal menjadi bilangan biner kemudian dikonversikan ke hexadesimal.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
2537 (8) = …..(16)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
2537 (8) = 010101011111</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
010101010000(2) = 55F (16)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Konversi dari bilangan Hexadesimal</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi ke Desimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
Yaitu dengan cara mengalikan masing-masing bit dalam bilangan dengan position valuenya.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="height: 62px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 65;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image047.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 63;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image048.gif" width="2" /></span>C7<sub>(16)</sub> = …… <sub>(10)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 64;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image094.gif" width="203" /></span> 7 x 16 <sup>0</sup> = 7</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 219px; z-index: 66;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image049.gif" width="219" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 327px; margin-top: 24px; position: absolute; width: 66px; z-index: 67;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image077.gif" width="66" /></span> C x 16 <sup>1</sup> = 192 199</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
Jadi 199 <sub>(10)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi ke Oktal</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
Dilakukan dengan cara merubah dari bilangan hexadesimal menjadi biner terlebih dahulu kemudian dikonversikan ke octal.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
55F (16) = …..(8)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
55F(16) = 010101011111(2)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
010101011111 (2) = 2537 (8)</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6pt;">
<u>Latihan :</u></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
Kerjakan soal berikut dengan benar !</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Sebutkan dan jelaskan empat macam system bilangan !</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversikan bilangan berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
a.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">10101111(2) = ………….(10)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
b.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">11111110(2) = ………….(8)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
c.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">10101110101 = …………(16)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">Konversi dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
a.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">ACD (16) = ………(8)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
b.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">174 (8) = ……..(2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
4.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">BC1</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 197;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/APC/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="58" /></span> 2A X</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
5.<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR">245 (8) : 24 (8) =……..(8)</span></div>
erica informatikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03625022626103308041noreply@blogger.com0